How to Move Out of the Capital Art of Conquest

Former city-state in the Valley of Mexico

Mexico-Tenochtitlan
1325–1521
Glyph
Model of the temple district of Tenochtitlan at the National Museum of Anthropology
The Valley of United mexican states at the time of the Spanish conquest showing the location of lake Tenochtitlan.
Capital	Tenochtitlan 19°26′Northward 99°8′Westward  /  19.433°N 99.133°W  / nineteen.433; -99.133 Coordinates: nineteen°26′N 99°8′Due west  /  19.433°Due north 99.133°W  / 19.433; -99.133
Mutual languages	Classical Nahuatl
Organized religion	Aztec religion
Government	Monarchy
Historical era	Pre-Columbian
• Foundation	1325
• Formation of the Aztec Empire	1428
• Devastation due to the Spanish conquest of United mexican states	1521
Population
• Gauge	140,000+[1]
Succeeded by New Spain

Tenochtitlan (Nahuatl languages: Tenōchtitlan pronounced [tenoːt͡ʃˈtit͡ɬan]; Castilian: Tenochtitlan ), as well known as Mexico-Tenochtitlan (Nahuatl languages: Mēxihco Tenōchtitlan pronounced [meːˈʃiʔko tenoːt͡ʃˈtit͡ɬan]; Spanish: México-Tenochtitlan ), was a large Mexica altepetl in what is at present the celebrated center of Mexico City. The exact date of the founding of the city is unclear. The engagement 13 March 1325 was chosen in 1925 to celebrate the 600th anniversary of the metropolis.^[2] The city was built on an island in what was and so Lake Texcoco in the Valley of United mexican states. The city was the upper-case letter of the expanding Aztec Empire in the 15th century^[3] until it was captured by the Castilian in 1521.

At its acme, it was the largest urban center in the pre-Columbian Americas. It subsequently became a cabecera of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Today, the ruins of Tenochtitlan are in the celebrated heart of the Mexican uppercase. The Globe Heritage Site of Xochimilco contains what remains of the geography (water, boats, floating gardens) of the Mexica capital.

Tenochtitlan was one of 2 Mexica āltepētl (city-states or polities) on the isle, the other being Tlatelolco . The city is located in modern-day Mexico City.

Etymology [edit]

Traditionally, the name Tenochtitlan was idea to come from Nahuatl tetl [ˈtetɬ] ("rock") and nōchtli [ˈnoːtʃtɬi] ("prickly pear") and is often thought to mean, "Among the prickly pears [growing among] rocks." However, ane attestation in the tardily 16th-century manuscript known as "the Bancroft dialogues" suggest the second vowel was short, so that the true etymology remains uncertain.^[four]

Geography [edit]

The western side of the shallow Lake Texcoco. Tenochtitlan is the southern part of the main isle (below the red line). The northern part is Tlatelolco .

Tenochitlan and Lake Texcoco in 1519.

Tenochtitlan covered an estimated 8 to thirteen.5 kmⁱⁱ (3.1 to v.ii sq mi),^{[ citation needed ]} situated on the western side of the shallow Lake Texcoco.

At the fourth dimension of Castilian conquests, Mexico City comprised both Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco . The city extended from north to south, from the north border of Tlatelolco to the swamps, which past that time were gradually disappearing to the westward; the city ended more than or less at the nowadays location of Avenida Bucareli .^{[ commendation needed ]}

The city was connected to the mainland by bridges and causeways leading to the north, south, and westward. The causeways were interrupted by bridges that allowed canoes and other water traffic to pass freely. The bridges could exist pulled abroad, if necessary, to protect the city. The city was interlaced with a series of canals, and so that all sections of the metropolis could be visited either on pes or via canoe.^{[ citation needed ]}

Lake Texcoco was the largest of 5 interconnected lakes. Since it formed in an endorheic bowl, Lake Texcoco was brackish. During the reign of Moctezuma I, the "levee of Nezahualcoyotl " was constructed, reputedly designed by Nezahualcoyotl . Estimated to exist 12 to xvi km (seven.5 to ix.9 mi) in length, the levee was completed circa 1453. The levee kept fresh leap-fed water in the waters around Tenochtitlan and kept the brackish waters beyond the dike, to the east.^{[ citation needed ]}

Two double aqueducts, each more than iv km (ii.5 mi) long and fabricated of terra cotta,^[5] provided the city with fresh water from the springs at Chapultepec . This was intended mainly for cleaning and washing. For drinking, h2o from mount springs was preferred. Almost of the population liked to bathe twice a day; Moctezuma was said to take four baths a mean solar day. According to the context of Aztec culture in literature, the lather that they nigh likely used was the root of a plant called copalxocotl (Saponaria americana),^[vi] and to make clean their clothes they used the root of metl (Agave americana). Also, the upper classes and pregnant women washed themselves in a temāzcalli , similar to a sauna bath, which is still used in the south of Mexico. This was likewise pop in other Mesoamerican cultures.

City plans [edit]

When we saw and so many cities and villages congenital in the water and other smashing towns on dry land we were amazed and said that it was like the enchantments (...) on account of the great towers and cues and buildings ascension from the water, and all built of masonry. And some of our soldiers even asked whether the things that we saw were not a dream? (...) I practice not know how to describe it, seeing things as we did that had never been heard of or seen before, non even dreamed about.

The city was divided into four zones, or camps; each camp was divided into 20 districts (calpullis, Nahuatl languages: calpōlli, pronounced [kaɬˈpoːlːi], meaning "large house"); and each calpulli, or 'large house', was crossed by streets or tlaxilcalli . At that place were iii main streets that crossed the city, each leading to one of the iii causeways to the mainland of Tepeyac , Iztapalapa , and Tlacopan .^[8] Bernal Díaz del Castillo reported that they were wide enough for ten horses. Surrounding the raised causeways were artificial floating gardens with canal waterways and gardens of plants, shrubs, and trees.^[9] The calpullis were divided past channels used for transportation, with wood bridges that were removed at dark.

The earliest European images of the city were woodcuts published in Augsburg around 1522.^[x]

Marketplaces [edit]

Each calpulli had its own tiyanquiztli (marketplace), but in that location was also a main marketplace in Tlatelolco – Tenochtitlan 's sister city. Cortés estimated it was twice the size of the city of Salamanca with about lx,000 people trading daily. Bernardino de Sahagún provides a more bourgeois population estimate of 20,000 on ordinary days and 40,000 on feast days. There were too specialized markets in the other cardinal Mexican cities.

Public buildings [edit]

In the eye of the city were the public buildings, temples, and palaces. Inside a walled square, 500 meters (1,600 ft) to a side, was the formalism eye. In that location were about 45 public buildings, including: the Templo Mayor, which was dedicated to the Aztec patron deity Huitzilopochtli and the Rain God Tlaloc ; the temple of Quetzalcoatl ; the tlachtli (ball game court) with the tzompantli or rack of skulls; the Sun Temple, which was dedicated to Tonatiuh ; the Eagle's Business firm, which was associated with warriors and the ancient power of rulers; the platforms for the gladiatorial sacrifice; and some minor temples.^[11]

Outside was the palace of Moctezuma with 100 rooms, each with its own bathroom, for the lords and ambassadors of allies and conquered people. Also located nearby was the cuicalli , or firm of the songs, and the calmecac .^[12]

The metropolis had dandy symmetry. All constructions had to be approved by the calmimilocatl , a functionary in charge of the city planning.

Palaces of Moctezuma Two [edit]

The palace of Moctezuma 2 too had two houses or zoos, 1 for birds of prey and another for other birds, reptiles, and mammals. Virtually 300 people were defended to the care of the animals.

There was also a botanical garden and an aquarium. The aquarium had ten ponds of salt water and 10 ponds of fresh water, containing diverse fish and aquatic birds. Places like this too existed in Texcoco , Chapultepec , Huaxtepec (now called Oaxtepec), and Texcotzingo .^[thirteen]

[edit]

National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico Metropolis. Reconstruction of an Aztec marketplace in Tenochtitlan.

Tenochtitlan tin can exist considered the well-nigh circuitous society in Mesoamerica in regard to social stratification. The complex system involved many social classes. The macehualtin were commoners who lived outside the island city of Tenochtitlan. The pipiltin were noblemen who were relatives of leaders and former leaders, and lived in the confines of the isle. Cuauhipiltin , or eagle nobles, were commoners who impressed the nobles with their martial prowess, and were treated as nobles.^[viii] Teteuctin were the highest class, rulers of diverse parts of the empire, including the king. Tlacohtin were individuals who chose indentured servitude to pay back a debt. Finally, the pochteca were merchants who traveled all of Mesoamerica trading. The membership of this class was based on heredity. Pochteca could become very rich because they did not pay taxes, but they had to sponsor the ritual feast of Xocotl Huetzi from the wealth that they obtained from their trade expeditions.

Condition was displayed by location and blazon of house where a person lived. Ordinary people lived in houses fabricated of reeds plastered with mud and roofed with thatch. People who were better off had houses of adobe brick with apartment roofs.^[8] The wealthy had houses of stone masonry with apartment roofs. They virtually likely made upwards the house complexes that were arranged effectually the inner courtroom. The higher officials in Tenochtitlan lived in the slap-up palace complexes that made upwardly the city.

Adding fifty-fifty more complexity to Aztec social stratification was the calpōlli . Calpōlli is a group of families related by either kinship or proximity. These groups consist of both aristocracy members of Aztec society and commoners. Elites provided commoners with arable state and nonagricultural occupations, and commoners performed services for chiefs and gave tribute.^[14]

History [edit]

Tenochtitlan was the capital of the Mexican civilization of the Mexica people, founded in 1325. The state religion of the Mexica civilization awaited the fulfillment of an ancient prophecy: the wandering tribes would observe the destined site for a bully city whose location would exist signaled past an eagle with a snake in its beak perched atop a cactus (Opuntia).

The Mexica saw this vision on what was then a small swampy island in Lake Texcoco , a vision that is at present immortalized in Mexico's coat of arms and on the Mexican flag. Not deterred by the unfavourable terrain, they set about building their city, using the chinampa system (misnamed as "floating gardens") for agriculture and to dry and expand the island.

A thriving civilization developed, and the Mexica civilization came to dominate other tribes around Mexico. The small natural island was perpetually enlarged as Tenochtitlan grew to become the largest and almost powerful city in Mesoamerica. Commercial routes were developed that brought goods from places every bit far as the Gulf of Mexico, the Pacific Ocean and peradventure even the Inca Empire.^[15]

After a flood of Lake Texcoco, the urban center was rebuilt under the rule of Ahuitzotl in a style that fabricated it i of the grandest ever in Mesoamerica.

Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés arrived in Tenochtitlan on 8 November 1519. Although there are not precise numbers, the metropolis's population has been estimated at between 200,000–400,000 inhabitants,^[16] placing Tenochtitlan amongst the largest cities in the globe at that time.^[17] Compared to the cities of Europe, only Paris, Venice and Constantinople might take rivaled it. It was five times the size of the London of Henry VIII.^[8] In a letter to the Castilian male monarch, Cortés wrote that Tenochtitlan was as large every bit Seville or Córdoba. Cortes' men were in awe at the sight of the first-class city and many wondered if they were dreaming.^[18]

Although some pop sources put the number as high as 350,000,^[xix] the most common estimates of the population are of over 200,000 people. One of the few comprehensive academic surveys of Mesoamerican urban center and town sizes arrived at a population of 212,500 living on 13.five km² (5.2 sq mi).^[xx] It is likewise said that at 1 time, Moctezuma had dominion over an empire of almost five meg people in central and southern Mexico because he had extended his rule to surrounding territories to gain tribute and prisoners to sacrifice to the gods.^[ix]

Conquest [edit]

The Conquest of Tenochtitlan

When Cortés and his men invaded Tenochtitlan , Moctezuma II chose to welcome Cortés as an ambassador rather than chance a war which might quickly be joined past aggrieved ethnic people.

As Cortés approached Tenochtitlan , the Tenochcah historic Toxcatl. At this upshot the nigh prominent warriors of altepetl ^{[ clarification needed ]} would dance in front of a huge statue of Huitzilopochtli . The Spanish leader, Pedro de Alvarado, who was left in charge, worried that the natives planned a surprise set on. He captured three natives and tortured them until they said that this^{[ clarification needed ]} was indeed truthful. During the festival, the Spaniards came heavily armed and airtight off every go out from the courtyard and so that no one would escape. This happened during their last days in Tenochtitlan.^[21]

Nobles lined each side of the city's master causeway, which extended about a league. Walking downward the center came Moctezuma II, with two lords at his side, 1 his blood brother, the ruler of Iztapalapa . Cortés dismounted and was greeted by the ruler and his lords, but forbidden to touch on him. Cortés gave him a necklace of crystals, placing it over his cervix.^[22]

Mexica pyramid of Ehecatl in the Metro Pino Suárez station, Mexico City Subway.

They were so brought to a large house that would serve as their dwelling house for their stay in the city. In one case they were settled, Moctezuma himself sat downward and spoke with Cortés. The keen ruler declared that anything that they needed would be theirs to have.^[23] He was thrilled to accept visitors of such stature. Although the Spaniards were seeking gilt, Moctezuma expressed that he had very lilliputian of the sort, but all of it was to be given to Cortés if he desired information technology.^[24]

Soon after arriving in Tenochtitlan , Cortés came upward against problems. At Vera Cruz, the officer left in charge received a letter from Qualpopoca , the leader of Nueva Almería, asking to become a vassal of the Spaniards. He requested that officials be sent to him so that he could confirm his submission. To reach the province, the officers would have to travel through hostile country. The officer in charge of Vera Cruz decided to send 4 officers to encounter with Qualpopoca.^[25]

When they arrived, they were captured and two were killed, the other two escaping through the wood. Upon their return to Vera Cruz, the officer in charge was infuriated, and led troops to storm Almería. Here they learned that Moctezuma was supposedly the 1 who ordered the officers executed.^[26] Dorsum in Tenochtitlan , Cortés detained Moctezuma and questioned him.^[27] Though no serious conclusions were reached, this negatively affected the relationship betwixt Moctezuma and the Spaniards.^[28]

Cortés subsequently besieged Tenochtitlan for over 90 days, causing a famine.^[9] Having gained command, he so directed the systematic devastation and leveling of the city;^[29] and began its rebuilding, despite opposition. The reconstruction involved the creation of a central surface area designated for Spanish utilise (the traza). The outer Indian department, now dubbed San Juan Tenochtitlan, continued to be governed by the previous ethnic aristocracy and was divided into the same subdivisions as before.^[thirty]

The people of Tenochtitlan were soon exposed to diseases to which they had no amnesty. Symptoms were often delayed for up to ten days, when the infection would spread throughout the trunk, causing sores, pain, and high fever. People were weak to the point that they could not movement, nor obtain food and water. Burial of the dead become difficult to impossible, due to the pervasiveness of the people'southward illness. The people of Tenochtitlan began to starve and weaken. The death toll rose steadily over the class of the next lx days.^{[31] [ when? ] [ description needed ]}

Colonial era [edit]

Districts of Tenochtitlan overlaid on a map of mod streets of Mexico Metropolis, with the traza shown in gray

Cortés founded the Castilian upper-case letter of Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan. Despite the all-encompassing damage to the built surround, the site retained symbolic power and legitimacy as the capital of the Aztec empire, which Cortés sought to appropriate. For a fourth dimension this ciudad de españoles , the highest rank in the Castilian bureaucracy of settlement designation, was called Mexico–Tenochtitlan. Charles Gibson devotes the final affiliate of his classic work, The Aztecs Under Spanish Dominion, to what he called "The Metropolis,"^[32] with later historians building on his piece of work.^[33] The Spaniards established a cabildo or town council, which had jurisdiction over the Castilian residents. The Spanish established a Europeans-only zone in the center of the urban center, an area of xiii blocks in each direction of the fundamental plaza, which was the traza . Although many native residents died during the siege of Tenochtitlan, the indigenous all the same had a strong presence in the metropolis, and were settled in 2 primary areas of the island, designated San Juan Tenochtitlan and Santiago Tlatelolco, each with a municipal council that functioned the entire colonial menses. San Juan Tenochtitlan was a Castilian administrative creation, which amalgamated 4 indigenous sections, with each losing territory to the Spanish traza . The Castilian laid out the streets of the traza in a checker board blueprint, with direct streets and plazas at intervals, whereas the indigenous portions of the city were irregular in layout and built of modest materials. In the colonial flow both San Juan Tenochtitlan and Santiago Tlatelolco retained jurisdiction over settlements on the mainland that they could draw on for labor and tribute demanded by the Spanish, but increasingly those subordinate settlements ( sujetos ) were able to proceeds their autonomy with their own rulers and split relationship with the Spanish rulers.^[34] Concern well-nigh the health of the indigenous population in early post-conquest Mexico–Tenochtitlan led to the founding of a royal hospital for indigenous residents.^[35]

At that place are a number of colonial-era pictorial manuscripts dealing with Tenochtitlan–Tlatelolco, which shed light on litigation betwixt Spaniards and indigenous over property.^[36] An account with information nearly the war of Tenochtitlan confronting its neighbour Tlatelolco in 1473 and the Spanish conquest in 1521 is the Anales de Mexico y Tlatelolco, 1473, 1521–22 .^[37] Anthropologist Susan Kellogg has studied colonial-era inheritance patterns of Nahuas in United mexican states City, using Nahuatl- and Castilian-language testaments.^[38]

Ruins [edit]

The ruins of the Templo Mayor

Tenochtitlan's main temple circuitous, the Templo Mayor, was dismantled and the central district of the Spanish colonial city was synthetic on top of it. The great temple was destroyed by the Spanish during the construction of a cathedral. The location of the Templo Mayor was rediscovered in the early 20th century, but major excavations did not accept identify until 1978–1982, after utility workers came across a massive stone disc depicting the nude dismembered body of the moon goddess Coyolxauhqui. The disc is 3.25 meters (10 ft eight in) in diameter, and is held at the Templo Mayor Museum.^[39]

The ruins, synthetic over seven periods, were built on top of each other. The resulting weight of the structures caused them to sink into the sediment of Lake Texcoco; the ruins now residue at an angle instead of horizontally.

United mexican states City's Zócalo, the Plaza de la Constitución, is located at the site of Tenochtitlan's original primal plaza and market, and many of the original calzadas still stand for to modern city streets. The Aztec agenda stone was located in the ruins. This stone is 4 meters (13 ft 1 in) in bore and weighs over 18.one metric tons (xx short tons; 17.9 long tons). It was one time located half-way upwards the neat pyramid. This sculpture was carved around 1470 under the dominion of King Axayacatl, the predecessor of Tizoc, and is said to tell the history of the Mexicas and to prophesy the future.^[40]

In August 1987, archaeologists discovered a mix of 1,789 homo bones five meters (16 ft v in) below street level in Mexico City.^[41] The burial dates back to the 1480s and lies at the foot of the primary temple in the sacred formalism precinct of the Aztec capital. The bones are from children, teenagers and adults. A complete skeleton of a young woman was besides found at the site.^[41]

See besides [edit]

• List of megalithic sites
• Listing of Mesoamerican pyramids
• History of Mexico City

References [edit]

1. ^ "Aztecs". HISTORY.
2. ^ Castillo Ledon, Luis (1925). La Fundacion de la Ciudad de México 1325-1925 Editorial CVLTURA p 5, 55, 56
3. ^ "Tenochtitlán, la capital azteca". National Geographic (in Spanish). No. 54. p. 76. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved eight April 2011.
4. ^ Frances Karttunen (1983) An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl p.225, Texas linguistic serial, University of Texas, Austin ISBN 978-0-2927-0365-0; OCLC 230535203
5. ^ Cortés, H.
6. ^ Aguilar-Moreno, Manuel (2006). Handbook to life in the Aztec world. Infobase Publishing. p. 368. ISBN978-0-8160-5673-six . Retrieved 2 November 2010.
7. ^ Bernal Diaz Del Castillo, "The Discovery And Conquest Of United mexican states 1517 1521", Edited by Genaro Garcia, Translated with an Introduction and Notes?, pp. 269–, A. P. Maudslay, offset pub 1928 [1]
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Coe, M. 2008, p. 193.
9. ^ ^{a b c} Walker, C. 1980, p. 162.
10. ^ "Newspaper About the Country that the Spaniards Found in 1521, Chosen Yucatan". World Digital Library. 17 October 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
11. ^ Coe, Grand. 2008, p. 193
12. ^ Cortés, H. 1520, p. 87.
13. ^ Cortés, H. 1520, p. 89.
14. ^ Coe, M. 2008, pp. 194–196.
15. ^ Blainey, G. A Very Short History of the Globe, 2007
16. ^ The Native population of the Americas in 1492. Denevan, William G. (2nd ed.). Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. 1992. ISBN9780299134334. OCLC 648253221. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
17. ^ Levy, Buddy (2008). Conquistador: Hernán Cortés, Male monarch Montezuma, and the Last Stand up of the Aztecs. Bantam Books. p. 106. ISBN978-0553384710.
18. ^ Butterworth, Douglas; Adventure, John G. (1981). Latin American urbanization. Cup Archive. p. ii. ISBN978-0-521-28175-1.
19. ^ Stannard, D. (1992)
20. ^ Smith (2005), p. 411
21. ^ Townsend, Camilla. 2006. 102–103.
22. ^ Cortés, H. 1520, p. 69.
23. ^ Cortés, H. 1520, p. 71.
24. ^ Cortés, H. 1520, p. 70.
25. ^ Cortés, H. 1520, p. 72.
26. ^ Cortés, Hernan. 1520, p. 73.
27. ^ Cortés, H. 1520, p. 77.
28. ^ Stannard, D. 1992, 214.
29. ^ "The Colonial Castilian-American City: Urban Life in the Age of Atlantic Commercialism", Jay Kinsbruner, University of Texas Press, 2005, p. 20, ISBN 0-292-70668-five
30. ^ Stannard, D. 1992, 109.
31. ^ Townsend, Camilla. 2006, 109–110.
32. ^ Charles Gibson, The Aztecs Under Castilian Rule. Stanford: Stanford University Printing 1964.
33. ^ Barbara Munday, The Death of Aztec Tenochtitlan, the Life of Mexico Urban center. Austin: University of Texas Press 2016. ISBN 978-1477317136
34. ^ Gibson, Aztecs Under Spanish Rule, pp. 368–377.
35. ^ Leiby, John S. (1995). "The Royal Indian Hospital of United mexican states Urban center, 1553–1680". The Historian. 57 (3): 573–580. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1995.tb02021.x. JSTOR 24451466.
36. ^ Glass, John B. in collaboration with Donald Robertson. "A Demography of Native Centre American Pictorial Manuscripts". commodity 23, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources Role 3; Handbook of Heart American Indians. University of Texas Press 1975, census #209, 210 p. 166-67.ISBN 0-292-70154-3
37. ^ Glass and Robertson. "A Demography of Native Middle American Pictorial Manuscripts". article 23, demography #211 p. 167.ISBN 0-292-70154-3
38. ^ Susan Kellogg, Law and the Transformation of Aztec Civilization, 1500-1700. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1995.
39. ^ Snow, Dean R. (2010). Archaeology of Native North America. Boston: Prentice Hall. ISBN978-0-13-615686-4.
40. ^ Walker, p. 162–167
41. ^ ^{a b} A.R Williams (29 August 2012). "Venerable Bones". National Geographic.

• Coe, Michael D. (2008). Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. New York, New York: Thames & Hudson.
• Cohen, Sara Due east. (March 1972). "How the Aztecs Appraised Montezuma". Club for History Education: The History Teacher. five (3): 21–30. doi:10.2307/491417. JSTOR 491417.
• Cortés, Hernán (1969). Five Messages of Cortés to the Emperor. Morris J.Baynard (ed. and trans.).
• Díaz del Castillo, Bernal (1963) [1632]. The Conquest of New Spain. Penguin Classics. J. M. Cohen (trans.) (6th press (1973) ed.). Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. ISBN0-fourteen-044123-9. OCLC 162351797.
• Smith, Michael E. (May 2005). "City Size in Late Postal service-Classic Mesoamerica" (PDF). Journal of Urban History. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications. 31 (4): 403–434. doi:10.1177/0096144204274396. OCLC 1798556. S2CID 145452272. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
• Soustelle, Jacques (1984). La vida cotidiana de los aztecas en visperas de la conquista (in Castilian). Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Economica.
• Stannard, David Eastward. (1992). American Holocaust: Columbus and the conquest of the New World . New York, New York: Oxford Academy Printing.
• Walker, Charles (1980). Wonders of the Ancient Globe . New York, New York: Crescent Books. ISBN9780517318256.
• Townsend, Camilla. Malintzin's Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New United mexican states Press, 2006. Impress.

Further reading [edit]

• Calnek, Edward. "Settlement Pattern and Chinampa Agronomics at Tenochtitlan." American Artifact 37.ane. (1973) 190–95.
• Calnek, Edward. "El sistema de mercado en Tenochtitlan." In Economía política e ideología en el México prehispánico. Eds. Pedro Carrasco and Johanna Broda, pp. 97–114. Mexico City: Centro de Investigaciones Superiores del Instituto de Antropología e Historia, 1978.
• Calnek, Edward. "Tenochtitlan in the Early Colonial Period." Acts of the XLII International Congress of Americanists eight, 1976 (1979) 35–40.
• Calnek, Edward. "Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco: the Natural History of a Urban center." In El Urbanismo en Mesoamérica/Urbanism in Mesoamerica, vol. i. edited past W.T. Sanders et al., 149–202. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Academy Park: Pennsylvania Country University 2003.
• Gibson, Charles. The Aztecs Nether Castilian Rule. Stanford: Stanford University Printing 1964. ISBN 978-0804709125
• Molina Montes, Augusto F. (December 1980). "The building of Tenochtitlan". National Geographic. Vol. 158, no. half dozen. pp. 753–764. ISSN 0027-9358. OCLC 643483454.
• Mundy, Barbara Eastward. "Mapping the Aztec Majuscule: the 1524 Nuremberg Map of Tenochtitlan, Its Sources and Meanings." Imago Mundi fifty (1998), 1–22.
• Mundy, Barbara E. "Identify-Names in Mexico-Tenochtitlan." Ethnohistory 61 (ii) Jump 2014. 329–355.
• Mundy, Barbara E. The Death of Aztec Tenochtitlan, the Life of Mexico City. Austin: University of Texas Press 2015.ISBN 978-1477317136
• Toussaint, Manuel, Federico Gómez de Orozco, and Justino Fernández, Planos de la Ciudad de México. Sixteen Congreso Internacional de Planificación y de la Habitación. United mexican states City: Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 1938.
• Townsend, Richard F. State and Cosmos in the Fine art of Tenochtitlan. Studies in Pre-Columbian Fine art and Archaeology 20. Washington D.C., Dumbarton Oaks 1979.

External links [edit]

nelsonengly1938.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan

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